ABSTRACT
Aim: To study the commercial preparation of Kunun zaki in three locations in Port Harcourt namely; Bori-camp, Rumuodomaya and Mgbuogba, to compare the microbiological, physico-chemical, and nutritional qualities of commercial and laboratoryprepared Kunun drinks and to establish the critical control points at various points of the production process. Place and Duration of Study: Sample collection areas were Bori-camp, Rumuodomaya, Mgbuogba, and the Laboratory, between August and December 2012. Sample analysis was done in the Food and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory of University of Port Harcourt. Methodology: At selected stages of preparation of Kunun zaki from Bori-camp, Rumuodomaya, Mgbuogba and the Laboratory, nine samples each were collected into sterile screw-capped 50cl bottles for analysis at the Food and Industrial Microbiology laboratory of University of Port Harcourt. Analyses carried out were to determine the microbial contaminants, proximate and physico-chemical parameters. Samples of fresh Kunun zaki were stored at 5ºC for three days for analysis on effect of storage. Results: The microorganisms associated with freshly prepared Kunun zaki and that stored at refrigeration temperature (5ºC) for three days were Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., Candida spp., and Saccharomyces spp. Freshlyprepared Kunun zaki had the highest coliform and staphylococci counts of 8.0x104 and 8.3x103cfu/ml respectively in Bori-camp preparation, while Laboratory-prepared Kunun zaki harboured none of these organisms. Total viable counts of commercially-prepared (Bori-camp, Rumuodomaya, and Mgbuogba) products ranged from 2.50x104 to 1.53x106cfu/ml, while Laboratory-prepared product was 6.0x104cfu/ml. Fungal counts of commercially-prepared Kunun zaki ranged from 2.5x103 to 1.36x105cfu/ml, while Laboratory-prepared Kunun zaki had fungal counts of 5.6x102cfu/ml. Yeasts were the main spoilage organisms which persisted at storage temperature of 5ºC for three days. The protein and carbohydrate contents, as well as calcium, zinc, copper, and manganese decreased after being stored for three days at 5ºC. Conclusion: Therefore Kunun zaki could be safely consumed after storage at 5ºC for three days, if good manufacturing practices like the use of fresh non-moldy grains and spices, cooled boiled water for grain washing and steeping, sterile stainless steel containers, steam-sterilized grinder, and sterile screw-capped bottles for packaging be applied at all the production stages. Educating the producers on the hazards, critical control points (steeping, milling and packaging), and temperature maintenance for Kunun zaki preparation are important.
Subject(s)
Beverages/analysis , Edible Grain/chemistry , Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points , Food Handling , Food Technology , Nigeria , Panicum/chemistry , /physiologyABSTRACT
Relata-se a ocorrência de osteodistrofia fibrosa em 38 equinos criados em pastagens de Panicum maximum cultivar Aruana, da raça Mangalarga Marchador, provenientes de uma propriedade localizada no estado do Paraná. No exame clínico geral, observou-se aumento bilateral e simétrico dos ossos da face e, também, aumento de volume na porção distal do rádio. A análise radiológica das áreas afetadas demonstrou redução da densidade óssea, e, na bioquímica sanguínea, 24 (63 por cento) animais apresentaram níveis de fósforo elevados. O exame bromatológico revelou níveis elevados de oxalato na pastagem de Aruana. Conclui-se que a ingestão de Aruana, forragem com altos níveis de oxalato, foi responsável pelo aparecimento de lesões de osteodistrofia fibrosa em equinos.
Fibrous osteodystrophy occurrence is reported in 38 Mangalarga Marchador horses raised on Aruana (Panicum maximum) pasture from a breeding farm in Paraná state. Clinical examination showed bilateral and symmetric increase in bones of face and an increase of volume at the radius distal portion. The radiologic analysis revealed bone density reduction in affected areas. Blood biochemist demonstrated high phosphorus levels in 24 animals (63 percent). Analysis of the pasture was performed and high levels of oxalate were found in the Aruana samples. It was concluded that the ingestion of Aruana, a pasture with high oxalate levels, was responsible for the appearing of fibrous osteodystrophy lesions in horses.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Bone and Bones/physiopathology , Oxalates/toxicity , Panicum/chemistry , Panicum/toxicity , Animal Nutrition Sciences , HorsesABSTRACT
Foram caracterizadas e identificadas as frações proteicas constituintes do capim-mombaça submetido a quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 100, 300 e 500kg.ha-1) em duas alturas de corte no período chuvoso e no seco. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e das frações A, B1, B2, B3 e C da proteína do capim-mombaça, cortado a 0,20 e 0,40m da superfície do solo foram avaliados pelo Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Em relação ao teor de PB, ocorreu diferença significativa (P<0,05) quanto às doses aplicadas. Observou-se aumento de PB em função da elevação das doses de N, principalmente no período chuvoso apresentando valores médios em torno de 10 por cento. Ocorreu diferença nas frações de PB em função da estação e da altura de corte. As frações B1 e C não diferiram quanto à dose de N e altura de corte. As frações A + B1 foram maiores no período seco, nas duas alturas residuais (P<0,05). A dose de nitrogênio e a altura do corte influenciaram na composição das frações proteicas.
The protein fractions of mombaça grass submitted to four nitrogen doses (0, 100, 300, and 500kg.ha-1) at two cutting heights in dry and rainy periods were characterized and identified. A completely randomized block design, in 2x4 factorial scheme with four repetitions, was used. The crude protein (CP) and A, B1, B2, B3, and C protein fractions of mombaça grass cut at 0.20 and 0.40m were evaluated by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. There was significant difference (P<0.05) for CP according to the nitrogen (N) dose. The CP percentage increased as the N dose increased, in rainy period, averaging around 10 percent. There was difference for CP in function of season and cutting heights. The B1 and C fractions did not significantly differ concerning N dose and cutting heights. The A + B1 fractions were higher in the dry period in both heights (P<0.05). The N dose and cutting heights influenced in protein fractions composition.
Subject(s)
Nitrogen Compounds/adverse effects , Panicum/chemistry , Animal Feed/analysis , Tropical Climate/adverse effects , Pasture/analysis , RumenABSTRACT
Plant foods are important due to their antioxidant activity (AOA) attributed to the phenolics which are known to protect organisms against harmful effects of oxygen radicals. However, information on antioxidant activity of Indian plant foods is scanty. Therefore, the present study evaluated the AOA of cereals, millets, pulses and legumes, commonly consumed in India and assessed the relationship with their total phenolic content (TPC). AOA was assessed by DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and reducing power. DPPH scavenging activity ranged from 0.24 and 1.73 mg/g, whereas FRAP ranged from 16.21 to 471.71 micromoles/g. Finger millet (Eleusine cora cana) and Rajmah (Phaseolus vulgaris) had the highest FRAP 471.71, 372.76 and DPPH scavenging activity 1.73, 1.07. Similar trends were observed with reducing power. Among cereals and legumes, Finger millet (Ragi) and black gram dhal (Phaseolus mungo Roxb) had the highest TPC, the values being 373 and 418 mg/100 g respectively, while rice (Oryza sativa) and green gram dhal (Phaseolus aureus Roxb) showed the least (47.6 and 62.4 mg/100 g). In the present study, FRAP (r = 0.91) and reducing power (r = 0.90) showed significant correlation with TPC in cereals and millets, but not in pulses and legumes. The results suggest that TPC contributes significantly to the AOA of Indian cereals and millets.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Edible Grain/chemistry , Eleusine/chemistry , Fabaceae/chemistry , Food , Hydroxybenzoates/analysis , India , Oryza/chemistry , Panicum/chemistry , Phaseolus/chemistryABSTRACT
O experimento foi desenvolvido objetivando-se avaliar o efeito da adição de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH), em doses crescentes, sobre o valor nutritivo do feno de capim-tanzânia. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos: T1 feno de capim-tanzânia, T2 feno de capim-tanzânia mais 1,0% de NaOH, T3 feno de capim-tanzânia mais 2,0% de NaOH e T4 feno de capim-tanzânia mais 3,0% de NaOH, com base na matéria seca, totalizando dez repetições por tratamento. Houve efeito linear dos níveis de NaOH sobre o teor de proteína bruta (PB), redução no teor da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), por meio de um comportamento linear negativo. Os valores obtidos pela equação de regressão na dose mais elevada foram 63,66 e 39,58%, para os valores de FDN e FDA, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear positivo para a digestibilidade com a adição dos níveis de uréia, proporcionando aumentos de 57,47% na, testemunha, para 63,07% na dose de 3,0%. O uso de NaOH foi eficiente para promover melhorias na qualidade do feno de capim-tanzânia.mais estudados, indicando a necessidade de investigação de um número maior de animais, por se tratar de um alelo raro.
This paper evaluates the effect of the addition of increasing levels of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the Tanzania-grass hay nutritive value. The experimental design was completely randomized and based on four treatments: T1 - tanzania-grass hay; T2 - tanzania-grass hay plus 1.0 % NaOH; T3 - tanzania-grass hay plus 2.0 % NaOH, and T4 - tanzania-grass hay plus 3.0 % NaOH based on dry matter, totaling ten replicates per treatment. There was a linear effect of NaOH levels on crude protein (CP) content and linear reduction in the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. The values obtained by the regression equation in the highest dose were 63.66 and 39.58 %, for NDF and ADF values, respectively. There was a positive linear effect for the digestibility with NaOH levels, providing increases of 57.47 % for control treatment and of 63.07 % for the dose of 3.0 %. NaOH was efficient in promoting the improvement of the Tanzania-grass hay quality.
El experimento fue desarrollado objetivándose evaluar el efecto de la adición de hidróxido de sodio (NaOH), en dosis crecientes, sobre el valor nutritivo del heno de gramínea tanzania. El delineamiento experimental fue el enteramente casualizado, con cuatro tratamientos: T1- heno de gramínea tanzania, T2- heno de gramínea tanzania mas 1,0 % de NaOH, T3 Heno de gramínea tanzania más 2,0 % de NaOH y T4 Heno de gramínea tanzania mas 3,0 % de NaOH, con base en la materia seca, totalizando diez repeticiones por tratamiento. Hubo efecto lineal de los niveles de NaOH sobre el tenor de proteína bruta (PB), reducción en el tenor de la fibra en detergente neutro (FDN) y fibra en detergente ácido (FDA), por medio de un comportamiento lineal negativo. Los valores obtenidos por la ecuación de regresión en la dosis más elevada fueron 63,66 % y 39,58 %, para los valores de FDN y FDA, respectivamente. Hubo efecto lineal positivo para la digestibilidad como la adición de los niveles de urea proporcionando aumentos de 57,47 % en la dieta testigo, para 63,07 % en la dieta 3,0 %. El uso de NaOH fue eficiente para promover mejorías en la calidad del heno de gramínea tanzania.